Welcome to Accepta's Technical Information Zone where we have made
available a collection of technical articles and specialist papers
that deal with a range of issues including industrial, process and
drinking water treatment; wastewater and effluent treatment, Legionnaires'
disease and the control of other waterborne pathogens, pollution
control and more.
Water Treatment |
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Document Title |
Content Summary |
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Biofilm
Control |
Biofilm are bacterial communities that can appear
almost anywhere, fouling machinery, clogging pipes, and contributing
to many forms of human disease ... |
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Boiler
Water Treatment in Industrial & Process Applications |
Looking at the management of steam boiler water from an industrial
water treatment perspective, examining some of the problems
that can occur when steam boilers are used in industrial and
process situations. We also look at solutions to the problems
that arise with steam boiler systems, specific products ... |
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Boiler
Water Treatment - Scale Control & Water Hardness Issues |
Hardness salts are the cause of scale inside a boiler; if
they are not prevented or removed regularly they will cause
localised overheating. This can lead to tube failure (explosion
risk) and/or a reduction in the heat transfer properties ... |
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Cooling
Tower Cleaning & Disinfection - CIP Products & Procedures |
Products and procedures - innovative cooling tower cleaning
products based on the use of a unique foaming chlorine dioxide
(stabilised) system developed to offer a practical alternative
to pack removal in the tower cleaning procedure outlined in
paragraph 138 of the UK Health and Safety Executives Approved
Code of Practice L8 ... |
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Effective
Spa Maintenance |
A typical routine would involve - weekly routine, oxidise
your water with Accepta spa granular shock or non-chlorine shock
and use Accepta spa sparkle for extra clarity and antifoam ... |
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Private
Water Supplies |
Although most private water supplies are probably safe to
drink most of the time, this document gives details of the risks
and of what you can do to protect your supply ... |
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Sludge
Control - Using Boiler Water Sludge Conditioners |
Using a steam boiler introduces small quantities of hardness
salts together with traces of suspended matter into the feed-water
... |
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Using
Boiler Water Oxygen Scavengers |
Why should you worry about oxygen in boiler water? Oxygen
is a significant factor in the corrosion of metals, if it can
be removed the negative impact of oxygen corrosion is can correspondingly
be reduced ... |
Wastewater &
Effluent Treatment |
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Effluent
Treatment - Developing a Toolkit for Effective Effluent Management |
A recent study of effluent treatment practices has determined
the feasibility of developing a Toolkit for the selection of
the best effluent management solutions for specialised organicchemicals
manufacturers, especially those with ‘hard COD’
problems ... |
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Effluent
Treatment for the Brewing Industry |
The UK brewing industry uses large amounts of water, of which
over 70% ends up as trade effluent. Unit costs for water supply
and trade effluent discharge are expected to continue to rise
... |
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Effluent
Treatment Plant - Improving Performance |
Most companies operate effluent treatment plants to reduce
the potential for pollution of receiving waters and to comply
with discharge consent conditions. Effective management and
control of the processes used for effluent treatment will help
you to ... |
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Odour
Control |
Odour control, who needs it? How many times have you been
to a site, for example an animal rendering plant, chicken factory,
landfill site, or effluent plant and thought that it was about
time they found out how to control that distasteful odour? ... |
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Optimising
Effluent Treatment Costs |
Improving the performance of the effluent treatment plant
will reduce your site's operating costs and make it easier for
your site to comply with its discharge consent conditions ... |
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Paper
& Board Mills - Cost Effective Effluent Treatment |
Intended to help mills optimise the performance of their effluent
treatment plant by evaluating their existing processes ... |
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Poultry
Meat Processing |
Poultry meat processors use large quantities of water and
generate equally large volumes of wastewater with a high chemical
oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids content. Evisceration,
cleaning and washing operations typically account for more than
60% of total water use and effluent volume ... |
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Treatment
of Waste Oily Water |
Engineering workshops use large quantities of water-based
metalworking fluids to remove heat and swarf from the cutting
surfaces, and reduce friction ... |
Reverse Osmosis
& Membrane Technology |
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Membrane
Separation Technology |
This guide focuses specifically on industrial-scale membrane
separation technology. These technologies are particularly effective
for the recovery and re-use of both water … |
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Reverse
Osmosis Plant Start-Up Guide |
This guide deals with start-up procedures for reverse osmosis
plant systems ... |
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Reverse
Osmosis - Process Water Treatment |
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a process that industry uses to clean
water whether for industrial process applications or to convert
brackish water, to clean up wastewater or to recover salts from
industrial processes. It will not remove all contaminants from
water as dissolved gases such as dissolved oxygen and carbon
dioxide not being removed. But reverse osmosis can be very effective
at removing other products such as trihalomethanes (THM's),
some pesticides, solvents and other volatile organic compounds
(VOC's) ... |
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Scale
Control for Reverse Osmosis |
Scale control for reverse osmosis (RO) systems. This guide
gives an overview of the types of problems faced by operators
of reverse osmosis plants ... |
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Separation
technologies - minimising industrial waste and effluent |
Many industrial processes generate effluent streams that contain
a mixture of substances. To reduce the cost of processing these
streams, operators can remove the substances that they contain
using a range of separation technologies ... |
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Ultrasound
Cleaning of Ceramic Filters |
Engineers at Ohio State University claim to have discovered
how to clean high-tech ceramic water filters at low cost using
ultrasound. Although the research is still in its early stages,
they claim the technology may one day allow water treatment
plants to purify water with ceramic membrane filters instead
of traditional water treatment chemicals ... |
Legionnaires' Disease
& Legionella |
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HSE
ACoP L8 - Control of Legionella - Part 1 |
The document contains guidance issued by the Health and Safety
Commission and Executive. Following the guidance is not compulsory
and organisations are free to take other action. However, if
you do follow the guidance ... |
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HSE
ACoP L8 - Control of Legionella - Part 2 |
In the UK the Health and Safety Commissions (HSC) L8 Approved
Code of Practice (ACoP) and Guidance document titled "Legionnaires'
disease: The control of legionella bacteria in water systems
... |
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HSE
ACoP L8 - Control of Legionella - Part 3 |
This Approved Code of Practice applies to the control of Legionella
bacteria in any undertaking involving a work activity and to
premises controlled ... |
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HSE
ACoP L8 - Control of Legionella - Part 4 |
Before any formal health and safety management system for
water systems can be implemented, a risk assessment has to be
carried out to decide the possible risks. The purpose of the
assessment is to enable a decision to decide ... |
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HSE's
ACoP L8 - Control of Legionella bacteria - Part 5 |
Inadequate management, lack of training and poor communication
have all been identified as contributory factors in outbreaks
of Legionnaires’ disease. It is therefore important that
those people involved in assessing risk and applying precautions
are competent, trained and aware of their responsibilities. |
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HSE's
ACoP L8 - Control of Legionella bacteria - Part 6 |
The risk from exposure will normally be controlled by measures
which do not allow the proliferation of legionella bacteria
in the system and reduce exposure to water droplets and aerosol.
Precautions should, where appropriate, include the following:
(a) controlling the release of water spray ... |
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HSE's
ACoP L8 - Control of Legionella bacteria - Part 7 |
Once the risk has been identified and assessed, a written
scheme should be prepared for preventing or controlling it.
In particular, it should contain such information about the
system as is necessary to control the risk from exposure ... |
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Legionella
Monitoring and Routine Inspection |
If precautions are to remain effective, the condition and
performance of the system will need to be monitored. This should
be the responsibility of the responsible person or, where appropriate,
an external contractor or an independent third party and should
involve ... |
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Legionella
control and record keeping |
To ensure that precautions continue to be carried out and
that adequate information is available, a record of the assessment
and precautionary measures and treatments should be kept ...
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Information
About Legionnaires' Disease |
Legionnaires' disease is a type of pneumonia. It was named
after an outbreak of severe pneumonia which affected a meeting
of the American Legion in 1976 ... |
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Legionella
Control - Enforcement Officers Guidance |
Recent high profile outbreaks of Legionnaires Disease both
in the USA and UK have caused many of us to re-focus on the
issues surrounding the effective management and control of water
systems vulnerable to Legionella contamination ... |
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Legionnaires'
Disease - Domestic Hot Water Systems |
New research from the US has identified home hot water pipes
and domestic hot water systems as a common source of Legionnaires
disease. Although more often associated with the air conditioning
... |
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Legionnaires'
Disease - Employers Guide |
This guide concerning Legionnaires disease has been prepared
to help employers understand the health risks associated with
Legionella. It explains in general terms how to control those
risks ... |
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Legionnaires'
Disease in Hospitals |
Hospital-acquired Legionnaires' disease usually originates
in hospital water systems. Legionella not only persists in hot
water tanks, it is often found in the biofilm through the entire
water system ... |
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Legionnaires'
Disease & Legionella - How Dangerous? |
Legionnaires disease was named after an outbreak of a pneumonia-like
disease that occurred in the Belle Vue Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia,
PA in 1976, where there was a convention of the American Legion.
Legionella pneumophila ... |
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Legionnaires'
Disease - Property Owners Guide |
This guide provides essential information on Legionnaires'
disease and Legionella for a wide range of organisations ... |
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Legionnaires'
Disease & Spas |
You are probably already aware that people can catch Legionnaires'
disease from exposure to contaminated water droplets. Air conditioning
systems (including cooling towers), and hot and cold water systems
in buildings ... |
Pollution Control
& Waste Minimisation |
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Ceramics
Manufacturing - Guide |
This guide will help companies in ceramics manufacturing to
save money through reducing water use and effluent levels ... |
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Cleaning
- Food & Drink Sectors |
This food and drink sector reference note has been written
to help those who wish to explore reducing the potential environmental
impact and costs of cleaning, with particular respect to water
use. It specifically does not give advice on how to clean or
on specific hygiene standards ... |
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Contaminated
Groundwater Treatment |
White Karbon was launched at the UK's International Clean
Up exhibition. It is an alternative material to the conventional
granulated activated carbon (GAC) and is designed to treat a
wide range of contaminants from groundwater, including petroleum
and chlorinated hydrocarbons, metals, cyanides and pesticides
... |
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Cost
Effective Chemicals Management for Printers |
A wide range of chemicals is used within the printing process,
from film developers to acids in plate making. Improved management
of these chemicals will ... |
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Cost
Effective Pollution Control Measures |
These examples describe how six UK companies chose cost-effective
pollution control. Each industry example describes the problems
faced by the company and the economic and environmental benefits
... |
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Fruit
& Vegetable Processing |
The fruit and vegetable industry generates significant amounts
of waste water, wasted raw material and packaging. Implementing
a systematic waste minimisation programme can reduce waste costs
by up to 25%. This can represent 1% of business turnover ... |
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IPPC
- Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control |
For those industry sectors using high volumes of water, controlling
and continually reducing levels of wastewater and effluent has
always been an important commercial consideration. Even more
so now with the introduction of the new IPPC, Integrated Pollution
Prevention and Control regulations, a system which follows the
European Community Directive (96/61) to introduce an improved,
more integrated approach to controlling pollution from industrial
sources ... |
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Membrane
Separation Technology |
This best practice guide focuses specifically on industrial-scale
membrane separation technology. These technologies are particularly
effective for the recovery and re-use of both water … |
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Metalworking
Fluids - Optimising Their Use |
This good practice guide describes practical measures to help
companies prolong the life of their metalworking fluids and
reduce their operating costs. Checklists are provided to help
you take action to optimise the use of your metalworking fluids |
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Paper
& Board Mills - Water Management |
The UK paper industry is a major water user, and is under
increasing pressure to improve the efficiency of its water consumption.
This guide is intended to help companies assess and improve
their management of water ... |
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Pollution
Control Solutions |
Describes how six UK companies chose cost-effective pollution
control. Each industry example describes the problems faced
by the company and the economic and environmental benefits ... |
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Reducing
Water Use |
Whilst water costs may appear insignificant, the true cost
is considerably higher than the basic charges for supplying
water and discharging effluent. Pumping, maintenance, capital
depreciation and treatment costs ... |
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Separation
technologies - minimising industrial waste and effluent |
Many industrial processes generate effluent streams that contain
a mixture of substances. To reduce the cost of processing these
streams, operators can remove the substances that they contain
using a range of separation technologies ... |
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Speciality
Chemicals Manufacturing |
Water is used during many stages of the manufacture of speciality
chemicals....relatively cheap commodity, but most of the water
used becomes effluent ... |
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Textile
Industry - Water & Chemical Use |
The textile dyeing and finishing sector uses large volumes
of water and substantial quantities of complex chemicals. Companies
operating in this sector are facing significant challenges ... |
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Textiles
& Leather Industry Guide |
Businesses are starting to realise that reducing all forms
of waste, whether it is energy, raw materials or other resources,
cuts costs and results in improved profits ... |
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Water
Harvesting |
The built environment provides two main catchment areas -
the roof of a building and the associated hard landscaping,
such as roads, car parks and paved areas. The incorporation
of these hard landscaped areas ... |
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Water
Saving Devices |
All industrial and commercial organisations use water. Most
organisations take water for granted and few know exactly how
much water they are using ... |
Pathogen Control |
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Bird
Flu - Working with Avian Influenza |
Avian influenza, also known as bird flu is a virus that causes
disease in birds. Poultry, pigeons and wild or migratory birds,
such as ducks, can become infected with the virus. There are
two forms ... |
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Clostridium
Difficile |
This guide explains what Clostridium difficile is, how it
developed and ways in which it can cause infection. Clostridium
difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea
and colitis, a healthcare associated intestinal infection that
mostly affects elderly patients with other underlying diseases. |
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Controlling
Biofilms |
Biofilm are bacterial communities that can appear almost anywhere,
fouling machinery, clogging pipes, and contributing to many
forms of human disease... |
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Cryptosporidium
in Drinking Water |
Cryptosporidium is a parasite that infects man and a wide
range of domestic and wild animals. It causes cryptosporidiosis,
which in healthy adults, is an unpleasant diarrhoea lasting
for up to two weeks. At present there is no cure for cryptosporidiosis
and the condition can be serious for, and fatal to, the immuno-compromised
e.g. those receiving chemotherapy or AIDS ... |
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Disinfection
By-Products in Drinking Water |
Disinfection by-products (DBP) are potentially toxic chemical
compounds that are formed in extremely low concentrations during
the disinfection of water supplies. They include chloroform
... |
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E.coli
O157 in Drinking Water |
E Coli or Escherichia coli are bacteria that normally live
in the intestines of humans and animals. Although, most strains
of these bacteria are harmless, several are known to produce
toxins that can cause diarrhea. One particular E coli strain
called O157 can cause severe diarrhea and kidney damage ... |
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Food
Poisoning Bacteria |
This interesting article examines how bacteria causes food
poisoning, paying closer attention to five of the most common
bacteria: Salmonella, Listeria, E.coli O157, Campylobacter and
Clostridium Perfringens ... |
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Infection
Control at Work |
This guide, prepared in consultation with the UK's Health
and Safety Executive, by the Advisory Committee on Dangerous
Pathogens, deals with the risk of infection... |
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Norwalk
Virus or Norovirus - FAQ |
The Norwalk virus, named after the original strain "Norwalk
virus," which caused an outbreak of gastroenteritis in
a school in Norwalk, Ohio, in 1968 ... |
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Nitrate
in Drinking Water |
Nitrate is present in all tap and bottled waters. It is produced
during the natural decay of vegetable material in soil. Rainfall
washes nitrate from sub-soil into groundwater. Nitrogenous fertilisers
used on arable farmland can be a significant source of nitrate
in groundwater and surface water ... |
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SARS
- FAQ |
Q: What is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?
A: SARS is the term being used to describe a serious respiratory
illness which has recently been reported in parts of East and
South East Asia ... |
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Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is the term being
used to describe a new serious respiratory illness that emerged
from South-East Asia in 2003 ... |
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Sick
Building Syndrome - Introduction |
Do you regularly suffer from irritating symptoms including
headaches, a runny nose and itching? Have you noticed that your
colleagues are taking much more sick leave, performing badly,
or are unhappy with their surroundings? If so, it could be a
case of ... |
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Sick
Building Syndrome and Design Issues |
Many of the factors associated with Sick Building Syndrome
relate to building and building services design. In many cases
it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to change things
when building and installation work have been completed ... |
Industrial Plant
& Equipment |
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Ceramic
Filters - Ultrasound Cleaning |
Engineers claim to have discovered how to clean high-tech
ceramic water filters at low cost using ultrasound. Although
the research is still in its early stages, they claim the technology
may one day allow water treatment plants to purify water with
ceramic membrane filters instead of traditional water treatment
chemicals ... |
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Effluent
Treatment Plant Performance |
Most companies operate effluent treatment plants to reduce
the potential for pollution of receiving waters and to comply
with discharge consent conditions. Effective management and
control of the processes used for effluent treatment will help
you to ... |
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Electrochlorination
plant - treatment of swimming pool water |
The use of chlorine gas as a disinfectant for swimming pool
water has caused several serious incidents and is not recommended.
There is a variety of safer water treatment methods. One of
these utilises an electrochlorination plant which is an on-site
process for the production of sodium hypochlorite ... |
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Industrial
Plant Failure |
This guide covers the various causes of industrial plant failure
including corrosion, erosion, impact, pressure ... |
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Treatment
of Waste Oily Water |
Engineering workshops use large quantities of water-based
metalworking fluids to remove heat and swarf from the cutting
surfaces, and reduce friction ... |
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Vessel
Washing Techniques |
This guide aims to help companies save money and improve their
environmental performance through managing vessel washing operations
... |
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Water
- Its Effect on Industrial Plant |
The unique properties of water make it ideal for use in industry,
two of its most common applications being ... |
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